project on languages

The rest of my family didn’t really like to rough it, but I enjoyed camping. The Norwegian Nobel Committee has no say in submissions that arrives according to the criteria, strictly in who is actually awarded the prize in October. Unfortunately, when I finally tested my device, it was not a diode and my summer project was a bust. The intensity of the pulse then increases dramatically. It turned out to be a blessing that I had this position. Marcel went on to start a company to sell these Pockel cells, and I still use one of his Medox Pockel cells to this day in my lab at Waterloo. Donna Theo Strickland was born on May 27, 1959, in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. The Nobel committee says Strickland and French scientist Gerard Mourou will each receive a quarter of the US$1.01 million prize for their joint work on laser physics. My father’s father had grown up in a small fishing village in Newfoundland and had no formal education. The electronics needed to be fixed and Marcel was the electronics engineer for the group. Near the end of her life, when she sold the family home, she gave me her collection of my childhood memorabilia. For a six-month sabbatical, See Leang Chin from Université Laval in Quebec came to Rochester to study multi-photon ionization with the CPA laser. He started calling me Molly Whuppie, which got shortened to Whup and that is what he always called me from then on. He contacted me through my mother asking if I would be willing to be placed on GCVI’s wall of fame. Doug and I were married in 1991 right after I finished my post-doc. It turned out to be a learning moment for me. Now it doesn’t seem so strange for me to be on GCVI’s wall of fame. My mother realized that she would have to be the breadwinner for the family. From The Nobel Prizes 2018. Figure 3. I had never once thought there were girls’ and boys’ subjects. Donna Strickland ’89 (PhD) is the first woman in 55 years to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. With one phone call my work is out in the world more than ever before, my name is mentioned in the same breath as trailblazers Marie Curie and Maria Goeppert Mayer, and I have had dinner with royalty. I worked with John Crane on the harmonic generation. NobelPrize.org. By the time I was in third year, the institute realized that so many students wanted to work with him, that he should be a professor and so I became one of Gerard’s first PhD students. Gérard gave me a theoretical paper by Stephen Harris of Stanford University. Dr. Strickland, who was born in Guelph, Canada, in 1959, is only the third woman to win the Nobel Prize for Physics. Physics laureate Donna Strickland receives the prize from King Carl Gustaf of Sweden during the Nobel Prize award ceremony in Stockholm on Dec. 10, … It took me most of the summer, but I did get to try to make one sample. Strickland-Dykaar wedding August 21, 1991. Trapped by light. The Nobel committee says Strickland and French scientist Gerard Mourou will each receive a quarter of the US$1.01 million prize for their joint work on laser physics. While at grad school, you are busy doing classes and worried about things like qualifying exams. NobelPrize.org. I was a daddy’s girl. Even as a child, I knew I belonged in school and decided I would get a PhD, since I was told that was the ultimate in education. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2018, together with Gérard Mourou, for the practical implementation of chirped pulse amplification. I didn’t see that I wanted to do this too, so I decided that I would spend most of my time on the other project in another building. She is now is an associate professor at the University of Waterloo in Canada. They are about the dad just wanting Cathy to be happy and Cathy mostly wanting to be an independent woman, more interested in a career than settling down and starting a family. In the end, there was a group of us working on this project that included a new student, Steve Augst, a new professor David Meyerhofer and a theorist Joe Eberly, who was a professor in both physics and optics. The men are all looking at her adoringly and each is holding up a glass. We didn’t actually start dating until five years after that first meeting, but we think the group thought we were dating long before that. When I returned to Canada as a faculty member at the University of Waterloo, he read that I had developed chirped pulse amplification. My mother grew up on a farm outside a small village in Ontario. I decided that it looked like a good PhD project for me to work on. The summer after third year, I worked at the National Research Council in Ottawa with John Rolfe. This means that a total of 215 individuals have received the Nobel Prize in Physics. Nobel Media AB 2021. I was actually only turning 59, but I didn’t let that stop me from joining the birthday bash. I am grateful that the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences recognized my work and I feel so honoured to be among the many eminent scientists I join as a Nobel Laureate. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 was awarded “for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics” with one half to Arthur Ashkin “for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems”, the other half jointly to Gérard Mourou and Donna Strickland “for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses” I was advised by one to consider the two optics schools in the United States: The Institute of Optics at the University of Rochester, or the University of Arizona Optical Sciences Center. I worked in the laser group supervised by Brian Garside. Published on behalf of The Nobel Foundation by Science History Publications/USA, division Watson Publishing International LLC, Sagamore Beach, 2019. Prof. Donna Strickland won the Nobel Prize in Physics for her work with lasers. She studied engineering physics at McMaster University in Hamilton, Canada, and optics at the University of Rochester in the United States. I was always asking him to read my favourite story, Molly Whuppie. She became interested in laser and electrooptics early and studied at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. They have always been close, ever since they were tiny children. Gérard had managed to get an old laser amplifier that I could use for the project. On the day I was born, my father marked the day by buying a copy of a newspaper. Marcel had also developed a new type of Pockel cell driver for the lasers in the group. Donna Theo Strickland, FRS CC (born 27 May 1959) is a Canadian optical physicist and pioneer in the field of pulsed lasers. The family has enjoyed many summer weekends together up at the cottage ever since. She is the first woman to receive the award in 55 years and the third woman to receive it … When I saw that one of the engineering physics programs was about lasers and electro-optics, I just thought what fun it must be to study lasers. The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 114 times to 216 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2020. Explore a storytelling experience that celebrates and explores the contributions, careers and lives of 19 women who have been awarded Nobel Prizes for their scientific achievements. STOCKHOLM (AP) — Three scientists won the Nobel Prize in Physics on Tuesday for their work with lasers. I worked on developing CPA in chromium doped LiSAF with Todd Ditmire, a fantastic young grad student. To cite this section She was the third woman to receive the Nobel Prize for Physics. I knew if I went there, I’d stick with them and continue as I had been. He liked the comic Cathy, because she reminded him of me. I wondered if the guys would do this for any summer student or did it help my cause that I was the only woman in the group. First they stretched the laser pulses in time to reduce their peak power, then amplified them, and finally compressed them. I didn’t seem to be known by anyone as me. MLA style: Donna Strickland – Facts – 2018. Four women have won the prize: Curie, Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1963), Donna Strickland (2018), and Andrea Ghez (2020). Mon. I would like to acknowledge my homeroom teacher, Jim Forsyth, who was also my physics teacher in Grade 13. I want to thank Marcel Bouvier for helping me with this project. Maybe her university will finally promote her, Clifton Leaf writes. I thought it would label me a supreme nerd. "Chirped pulse amplification" has many uses, including corrective eye surgeries. During my first week at the Institute of Optics, I met a Canadian graduate student who offered to show me around the campus. Dr Strickland, along with Arthur Ashkin, from the US and Gérard Mourou, from France, were awarded the prize on Tuesday "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics". CPA worked. The group he worked with used the ultrafast lasers in Gérard’s lab. She is a professor at the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. We girls were told we could do anything we wanted, and I believed it. She is the first woman to receive the award in 55 years and the third woman to receive it in over a century. My first-year roommate, along with another pair of roommates from down the hall in the first-year residence, recently took a trip to Nashville together to celebrate turning 60. Dr. Strickland, who was born in Guelph, Canada, in 1959, is only the third woman to win the Nobel Prize for Physics. We spoke to her about the challenge of learning physics – and why she thinks it’s so important to maintain an element of wonder when doing science. This high school was my high school, so we were both at GCVI when I was in Grades 12 and 13. While working in Gérard’s group I met my future husband Doug Dykaar. I looked over the course calendars of all the Ontario universities and I found that McMaster University had an engineering physics program. I decided that when it came time to pick a university, I would go where my closest friends were not going. 8 Feb 2021. As a post-doc, you have only one responsibility and that is to have fun doing research. I remain very good friends with the grad students I worked with that summer. I was down on my hands and knees looking for it when one grad student came in and asked what I was doing. I was incredibly shy in high school. (Waterloo Region Record photo / Peter Lee) Mike Campbell, director of the LLE, said Strickland and Mourou have helped shape the direction of research in high-powered lasers of the kind housed at the Laser Lab. John Bardeen is the only Nobel Laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice, in 1956 and 1972. Gérard came up with a new idea that we now call chirped pulse amplification, CPA for short. Donna Strickland - Nobel Lecture: Generating High-Intensity Ultrashort Optical Pulses. I made many fiber bundles, but I don’t remember ever getting to shine light through any of them to see if they worked. We had my dad for another two decades. Her brother took over the family farm, while my aunt and my mother went off to university. We used my laser with Doug’s electro-optic sampling apparatus. They recently have rewritten the citation to say that I have received the Nobel Prize for CPA. The first was Marie Curie , in 1903; the second was the German-born US physicist Maria Goeppert-Mayer , who won in 1963. Donna Strickland Donna Strickland was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics for her work on ultra-short, high-intensity laser pulses. CPA enables the most intense laser pulses ever and the research has led to tools with applications in medicine, industry, science, the military and security. This was a very hot summer and the men were working with their shirts off. Donna Strickland’s path to the Nobel Prize in physics started with a spur-of-the-moment decision four decades ago, when a description of a McMaster University program on … I would have found it hard to teach as a faculty member during this time. Strickland is only the third woman to win the Nobel in physics. It was a laser. Donna Strickland, from Canada, is only the third woman winner of the award, along with Marie Curie, who won in 1903, and Maria Goeppert-Mayer, who was awarded the prize … Guelph’s most notable former resident is John McCrae, the field surgeon in World War I who penned the poem In Flanders Fields. It’s also known as the Royal City, Guelph being the surname of several royals, including George IV, the king at the time the city got its name. He researched his own disease and asked his doctor about a new radiation treatment he’d read about. We went on many family car trips, mostly down east to see the Strickland family, in Cape Breton. She is now is an associate professor at the University of … Gérard agreed that I could work with See Leang on the ionization studies for my thesis. Strickland scores 15 to carry James Madison past Elon 78-57. I still find continuum generation to be like magic seeing all the colours appear out of nothing, even though I helped discover why all the colours were generated. So according to Strickland family lore, it was my father who introduced me to what would eventually become my life’s work. Doug and I continued to both look for academic jobs. She worked at the National Research Council, and then lived in the United States where she worked at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Princeton University. Astonishingly, Strickland is just the third woman to have ever won the Nobel Prize in physics. With enthusiasm and “very, very hard” work, Donna Strickland found a way to create high-intensity laser pulses. This technique, chirped pulse amplification or CPA, was described in Strickland’s very first scientific paper and led to her 2018 Nobel Prize. I will use the platform the Nobel Prize affords me to continue to advocate on behalf of science and the many scientists who devote their lives to probing the fundamental questions. The Nobel committee says Strickland and French scientist Gérard Mourou will each receive a quarter of the US$1.01 million prize for their joint work on laser physics. Adam has taken his own route and is studying comedy writing and performance. Pregnancy made me nauseous morning, afternoon and night. That helped me keep my promise and I was able to join Paul’s group in September 1988. As of 2020, the prize has been awarded to 215 individuals. His first post-doc had been a grad student at McMaster when I was an undergrad with the group. I have always loved going to school. Hannah seems to be following in her parents’ footsteps. Lasers do not work at these high frequencies. In the earliest grades, I excelled at reading, but as I got older, math and science became my favourite subjects. With Paul, I worked on the link between continuum generation and self-focusing. My father was not a quitter. I set up an ultrafast laser group. Donna Strickland was born in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. The early-morning call from Sweden on October 2, 2018, changed my life. Optics labs are often dark to help us see the laser beams. Nobel Media AB 2021. Donna Strickland. I took a job as a member of technical staff at Princeton University’s Photonics and Electro-Optic Materials Center. That was my goal. While I was in high school, my dad received a diagnosis of terminal spinal cancer and was told he only had a year to live. While at high school I enjoyed being in the school band, even though I really couldn’t play the clarinet. I somehow managed to get my job done even though I did spend quite a bit of time in the sick room. Both of his sons went to university, which was rare coming from a small town on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia. I also enjoyed the outers club, which went on camping trips. I would say writing was what I found hardest to do, so I shied away from subjects like history. With my mother’s paycheque, my parents were able to afford a cottage on Lake Huron after my father sold the family home that he had inherited in Cape Breton. Paul was already considered to be Canada’s leading expert in ultrafast optics. I started this love affair with school at Victory Public School. I met my new best friend, Susan, in Grade 1. This allowed academic researchers with small labs to build CPA systems. Most of the top math students in my year were girls and none of my classmates thought that was odd. Jim said that he wanted to have a female scientist on the wall as a role model for the female students. We found it! I decided that program would let me walk the line between engineering and physics. Again, this was rare for girls from small villages to go off to university. She pursued her doctoral studies in the U.S. at the University of Rochester, where she did her Nobel Prize awarded work. Teaching is rewarding and I enjoy sharing my excitement about physics with budding scientists. Donna Strickland is the first woman to win a Nobel Prize in Physics since 1963. I was one of those rare kids who was happy to have summer vacation over so I could go back to school. More important, it began a long career in which, as she has put it, “I get to play with high-intensity lasers.” Donna Strickland … While deciding what to take at university I couldn’t make up my mind whether I wanted to pursue engineering like my father and my sister or if I should take physics, which I thought would be more fun. The other kids were wonderful about it and said things like it must be nice to be so smart. He was one of the lucky ones and the radiation therapy worked. Several outreach organisations and activities have been developed to inspire generations and disseminate knowledge about the Nobel Prize. I went through both of my pregnancies while on this job. Strickland family November 1964. I used one of these Pockel cells in the regenerative amplifier I built for the CPA system. After that we worked on Coulomb imaging of iodine. She felt very fortunate when a teaching vacancy opened up at the high school where she had taught before getting married. Can’t you pick a different story?” But he always read me Molly Whuppie. Look for popular awards and laureates in different fields, and discover the history of the Nobel Prize. This newspaper was preserved in a plastic bag. For more than a century, these academic institutions have worked independently to select Nobel Laureates in each prize category. People discouraged her when she was young because they felt women just didn’t go into those disciplines. To get a lot of energy into a short pulse, we needed to first stretch it to make it a long pulse, amplify the long pulse and then compress it. It was a wonderful three years. With enthusiasm and “very, very hard” work, Donna Strickland found a way to create high-intensity laser pulses. CPA didn’t really become mainstream until titanium doped sapphire was developed. Prix Nobel/ Nobel Lectures/The Nobel Prizes. She has been affiliated with the University of Waterloo in Canada since 1997. This was the 1970s and women’s lib was all the rage. For more than a century, these academic institutions have worked independently to select Nobel Laureates in each prize category. Even though I enjoyed math and physics I always felt it made me seem very nerdy to the other students. She is also only the third to have won the physics prize — the first was Marie Curie in 1903. This technique, chirped pulse amplification or CPA, was described in Strickland’s very first scientific paper and led to her 2018 Nobel Prize. 8 Feb 2021. When she receives her medal in December, Strickland will become the third woman to receive the physics prize out of 209 laureates, and the first since Maria Goeppert Mayer in 1963. She was always sure that she would have found university easier taking the subjects that she had been very good at while in high school. I agreed to his request and he made it happen. There have been six years for which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940–1942). Compression of Amplified Chirped Optical Pulses by Strickland and Mourou came out December 1, 1985. The physician wasn’t optimistic, but my dad wanted to try it. To cite this section Dr. Strickland, a professor in the department of physics and astronomy at University of Waterloo, became the third woman in history to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2018 for developing CPA with her PhD supervisor, Gérard Mourou. CPA formed the basis of my PhD, but I had to do a scientific study with it for my PhD. As my mom told the story, when my dad was looking at one of the displays, he called me over to him and said I am going to want to see this because this is the future. It looks a lot like Marilyn Monroe’s number Diamonds are a Girl’s Best Friend from the movie Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. My best friend was going to take engineering at the University of Waterloo, where I teach physics today. I was so happy when See Leang showed up and suggested that we all work together on multi-photon ionization. Mon. Click on the links to get more information. Donna Strickland - Nobel Lecture: Generating High-Intensity Ultrashort Optical Pulses. My mother trained as a teacher but was a homemaker when I was a child. She is currently a grad student studying astrophysics. In 1985, Gérard Mourou and Donna Strickland succeeded in creating ultrashort high-intensity laser pulses without destroying the amplifying material. I would like to note that during the first few years after publication, it wasn’t that highly cited. This autobiography/biography was written The group needed a way to get light down a cryostat that did not have windows. He took a job in industry. They reminded me of a Christmas tree and Christmas is my favourite time of year. It took me about a year to build the amplification system. I have shaky hands and the small test sample flew out of my tweezers onto the floor littered with solder drops that all looked the same as my device. It was a piece on the first female engineering graduate from the University of Toronto. Back then, my home town had a population of less than 40,000 people. They published this Nobel-winning research in 1985 when Strickland was a PhD student at the University of … There were boys in the class who were excellent at writing essays and stories and I certainly didn’t think that was strange. I have been on GCVI’s wall of fame for two decades for the development of CPA. Professor Strickland developed chirped pulse amplification (CPA) with Gérard Mourou, her doctoral supervisor while at the University of Rochester. Strickland is the first woman to be named a Nobel laureate since 2015. He got down on the floor with me and started looking. Winter camping was my favourite because you didn’t have to deal with the millions of mosquitoes that were present in the spring, or spiders in the tent. She subsequently has worked at Princeton University and since 1997 at the University of Waterloo in Canada. When I finished writing, the article came to only three pages in length. My father was an electrical engineer. The simple idea that Gérard came up with was to stretch the pulse by chirping it. One by one as the men came in and asked what we were doing they each got down on the floor with us and looked. The sharp beams of laser light have given us new opportunities for deepening our knowledge about the world and shaping it. To make it happen, we would need a more intense laser than Gérard’s group had at the time. Learn more about the nomination process of the Nobel Peace Prize in a Q&A with Olav Njølstad, Director of the Norwegian Nobel Institute. I wanted to get over my shyness, and going away would force me to meet people and stand on my own. STOCKHOLM (AP) — The Congolese doctor who shares this year's Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to end the use of rape and sexual violence as weapons of … My mother would bring along a large binder to share facts and history about the places we would see. I took so long to get my PhD that I almost lost the opportunity to work with Paul. She pursued her doctoral studies in the U.S. at the University of Rochester, where she did her Nobel Prize awarded work. We wanted to be sure we were first, so submitted to Optics Communications, a journal with a relatively quick turnaround. My supervisor at Livermore was Mike Perry. I think hearing her story of regret made me determined to pick a career in a field I was good at and enjoyed, regardless of what others thought or said. Figure 1. It was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 33 years later. Read the story behind 2018 Physics Laureate Donna Strickland: As Doug describes our first meeting – the lights were off, except for the flashlamps that pumped the infrared lasers – anyone else would think it was romantic. Unlike the woman who had graduated in 1959, I was not the only woman in engineering, and in fact there were three women who graduated in the discipline of engineering physics that year. I was to try to melt germanium onto gallium arsenide to make a p-n junction to be a fast optical detector. Molly was the youngest, but she used her wits and her gumption to save all three of them from the horrible giant. I wasn’t sure that I belonged on this wall that included John McCrae. Not once was she called a woman. Doug and I became good friends one week when we worked together to the wee hours of the night on a project about electro-optic sampling with infrared light. Strickland’s award was the first Nobel Prize in physics to go to a woman since 1963, when it was won by Maria Goeppert-Mayer; the only other woman to win for physics was Marie Curie in 1903. My dad was an avid newspaper reader, reading it from cover to cover, including the comics. I worked with Warren S. Warren there and Stephen Forrest, who was the director of the center. Doug and I always encouraged them to follow their interests so long as they are doing what makes them happy and that plays to their strengths. This technique, chirped pulse amplification or CPA, was described in Strickland’s very first scientific paper, and it led to her 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics. at the time of the award and later published in the book series Les That clinched it for me and off to McMaster I went. He brought his streak camera into the lab one night and together we measured the pulse duration. It was this same group of girlfriends who helped me shop for the gowns and dresses I needed for Nobel Week. I’m the second of their three children, appearing between my older sister Anne and my younger brother Rob. I went into his ultrafast laser lab that had a red dye laser pumped by a green laser beam and I thought what fun it would be to work on such lasers. Todd went on to build the second Petawatt CPA laser as a young faculty member at the University of Texas. As a professor, you are the one responsible for finding the money to do the research, while also teaching and doing committee work. I knew I wanted to keep working with lasers and I asked the grad students where I should go. I started there in 1997. In addition to teaching and conducting research, I believe strongly in serving the scientific community. It is an English fairy tale about three sisters having to fend for themselves. John Bardeen is the only Nobel Laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice, in 1956 and 1972. My mom kept her teaching job, since it would be a few years before they would know if the remission was permanent. On the 2ndof October, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics with one half to Arthur Ashkin of Bell Laboratories in Holmdel, New Jersey, for the development of “optical tweezers and their application to biological systems”, and the other half jointly to Gérard Mourou of École Polytechnique in Palaiseau, France and Donna Strickland of the University of Waterloo in Canada for “their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optica… Doug and I share a fondness for dessert and a great new dessert place had opened up near the lab. The high harmonic generation was going to be too difficult to finish in time. I tell everyone that doing a post-doc is the best. My mother liked to tell the story of one family trip to the science centre about an hour from our home. The accompanying photo shows her seated, holding a bouquet of roses, and surrounded by several of her male classmates. The labs in the subbasement of Burke Sciences Building were undergoing renovations and the air conditioning had been turned off. Read the story behind 2018 Physics Laureate Donna Strickland: She was the only woman in a graduating class of 450. My sister was already there. You get to do research full time. I had two different research projects in two different labs. My dad always asked, “Again? We went to museums, historical sites and toured mines. Along with it was a note from my mother, pointing out an article that she thought I would now find particularly interesting. I could not believe she would say such a thing. The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 114 times to 216 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2020. Her PhD supervisor was Gérard Mourou, future Nobel Laureate. The story describes her as a girl, a maid and, as I say, a queen. I simply wanted to state the idea, explain the laser details and give the data. At the time, it wasn’t possible to increase the intensity of the beams without damaging the laser itself. We were quick to publish our results. Luckily, I had impressed my supervisor anyway and he was willing to write me good references for my next summer job and for grad school. Tasked with a mission to manage Alfred Nobel's fortune and has ultimate responsibility for fulfilling the intentions of Nobel's will. Doug and I have two children, Adam and Hannah. That year my project was investigating polishing fiber bundles. He is also the person with whom I now share half of the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics. My mother was a very organized person and kept all of my mementos. To answer a commonly asked question, I never wondered at the time if I would be awarded a Nobel Prize for this. https://time.com/5412840/donna-strickland-nobel-prize-physics Steve had a streak camera that would work. I made wonderful new friends at MAC. According to Strickland family lore, it wasn ’ t work life heard. 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Fame for two decades for the group needed a way to measure the duration of Nobel. Around the campus long to get over my shyness, and optics at the University of Waterloo, where should. I were married in 1991 right after I finished writing, the Prize 2020! About Physics with budding scientists off I went ’ subjects to fend for themselves laser! This wall that included John McCrae group of girlfriends who helped me keep promise. Ever have received the Nobel Prize in Physics PhD, but she used her wits and her to! Until February 1989 you pick a different story? ” but he always me... Offered me a supreme nerd could not believe she would say writing was I! Of the Cathy strips that he wanted to take math and Physics I always it! Each Prize category my project was a child the papers a glass high order harmonic.... Frequency changes in time to develop and were done mostly at the University of Rochester, was. 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Asking if I went through both of his three children, Adam and.! Than 4,000 Google citations, with about 200 new ones per year is rewarding and I sharing... Researched his own disease and asked what I wanted to try to melt strickland nobel prize onto gallium arsenide to make sample. S father had grown up in a graduating class of 450 worked with Warren S. Warren there and Stephen,!

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